Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers

Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while the vast majority of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded quake struck producing a torrent which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The seismic tremor hit nations that were at that point bothered with neediness and obligation leaving them needing pressing assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help defeat this horrendous catastrophe giving $450million and the British government gave a promise of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. previously, tidal waves were some of the time alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The staggering tidal wave was brought about by a seismic tremor with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the seismic tremor was under the Indian Ocean close to the west bank of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The rough development of areas of the Earth's outside layer, known as structural plates, dislodged a colossal sum of water, sending incredible stun waves toward each path. The quake was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the segment called the Burma plate which is known as a dangerous plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a break in the earths covering which was assessed in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, uprooting the ocean bottom above Outline demonstrating the procedures associated with a tidal wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little oust made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along many Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while a large portion of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded quake struck creating a torrent which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The seismic tremor hit nations that were at that point bothered with neediness and obligation leaving them needing critical assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help defeat this terrible debacle giving $450million and the British government gave a promise of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. before, tidal waves were once in a while alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The staggering tidal wave was brought about by a quake with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the seismic tremor was under the Indian Ocean close to the west shore of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The fierce development of segments of the Earth's outside, known as structural plates, uprooted a huge sum of water, sending ground-breaking stun waves toward each path. The seismic tremor was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the area called the Burma plate which is known as a damaging plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a break in the earths outside layer which was assessed in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, uprooting the ocean bottom above Outline demonstrating the procedures associated with a wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little unstick made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along several

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia 1. Nation profile: Indonesia is situated in the southeast piece of Asia. Indonesia extends 5120 km along the equator and has 13000 islands among Australia and Asia. Because of this there has been an impact on the social, social, monetary and political existence of the nation. Indonesias complete region is 80% ocean mass. Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua and Sulawesi are the five a biggest island of which java is the most populated island, an all out populace of 125 million (CIA 2010). Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Indonesia has a tropical atmosphere which comprises of two seasons summer from May to September and the blustery season from October to April. Indonesia encounters downpour during both the seasons. The fourth most populated nation on the planets is Indonesia with a populace of 242.96 million (CIA 2010). Indonesia is the biggest Muslim nation. It is an ethnically various nation with in excess of 300 dialects. http://mapoftheunitedstates.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/indonesia_.jpg Figure 1: Indonesia Map Sources: CIA Website 2010 2. Political framework and Legal frameworks: Indonesia today is Southeast Asias most lively majority rule government. The Indonesians appreciate a degree of political opportunity. The present improved political framework currently empowers opportunity and balance for the individuals of Indonesia. Figure 2: Political arrangement of Indonesia Source: Indonesia 2009: An official handbook The three key parts of the Indonesian government are The official branch The administrative branch The legal branch 2.1 Executive branch: The president is the leader of the state and government, thus is on the official branch. Under him is the VP, bureau clergymen and furthermore non-departmental organizations. He is likewise the president of the military. The primary job of the president is to oversee his country, make strategies and look in to the remote undertakings. The president has the ability to dole out and dismiss the bureau clergymen. One of the fundamental jobs of the president is to relegate the appointed authority for the Supreme Court. 2.2 Legislature branch: This branch comprise a delegate body which is the people groups consultative get together or (MPR). The MPR has the privilege to scrutinize the uprightness of the president. The MPR has two lower chambers i.e the Peoples Representative Council or the (DPR) and the Regional Representatives Council or (DPD). 2.3 Judicial branch: The Indonesian legal framework has three fundamental courts for example the high court, Supreme Court and the locale courts. The Supreme Court is the most significant level. These courts reserve the privileges to practice both common and criminal cases. Indonesia has various courts for various issues, strict courts, military courts and authoritative courts. Initially all the common debates are dealt with in a state court and afterward sent to the high court. A business court exists to deal with chapter 11 and business matters. The three parts of the lawful framework in Indonesia are The public accountants Backers Lawful advisors. A public accountant is selected by the Department of Justice Human Rights who is prepared lawfully to notarise deeds. A public accountant gets ready and executes the proper deed called the notarised deed, it is otherwise called the valid deed. The authoritative archives require notarised deeds. The job of the public accountant is to ensure that the gatherings have significant measure of confirmation for their deeds and the deed is executed appropriately. The legal official ought to be available when a gathering intends to begin an organization. A legal official is delegated by the legislature and his obligation does exclude offering legitimate guidance. These gatherings need to get legitimate exhortation before they meet the legal official. The primary obligations of the legal official are to plan and check the archives. The gatherings are allowed to pick any legal official they need. Supporters are legal counselors who practice secretly and have formal lawful preparing. The principle obligation of the supporters is to concentrate on suit however they can likewise give general lawful guidance. For guidance on outside exchange experienced attorneys are needed.Hiring a decent and trust commendable legal counselor is basic for working together in Indonesia. A portion of the significant laws pertinent for organizations in Indonesia are given beneath: The Law on Investment The Labor Law The bill on Mineral and Coal Mining The Oil and Gas law The Shipping Law Law on Disputes and Conflict goals Corporate Law Land rights Hardly any tips for the outside financial specialists There ought not be any limitations on the sort of business the organization is intending to begin. A decent public accountant is an unquestionable requirement to set up a business. The workers who have a significant position ought to be paid well. Manufacture great relations with the organization and the general public. 3. Financial framework Under the administration of Suharto who was the leader of Indonesia for more than three decades the economy had seen two significant budgetary emergencies. This was during 1997-98 and 2008. Indonesian economy is straightforwardly reliant on three principle areas, Horticulture Assembling Administration. These emergencies were immediate consequence of degenerate lawmakers, catastrophic events, aggravations in the general public and fear based oppression. The outcome was that the economy endured which thusly caused in drop of work openings and loss of labor that relocated looking for business. The diagram shows the appropriation of workforce among the three key financial divisions. Indonesias Employment Figure 3: Indonesian Employment Source: Economy Watch The three principle areas that comprise the Indonesian Economy are: Essential Sector: Farming by a wide margin is the biggest business part. A portion of the regular produce is rice, pork, espresso, tea, cocoa, flavors, elastic, eggs, copra, palm oil and peanuts. Indonesia stands fourth in world market for the creation of espresso and rice. Optional Sector: About 27.9% of Indonesians GDP originates from the assembling division (EIU 2010). Tertiary Sector: Administration part has for long has been the mainstay of Indonesian economy contributing almost 38.5% towards the countrys GDP. Worldwide money related emergencies hindered the IT area. In any case, it has been predicated to contribute up to 15% towards the compound yearly development rate (CAGR) during the time of 2010-2014 (EIU 2010) . Cordiality industry has shockingly begun contributing towards Indonesian economy. The travel industry prospered with no significant effect because of the worldwide downturn. 4. Economy: Indonesia has the biggest economy in Southeast Asia. It is a market based economy with a critical association of the state. There are countless state claimed ventures (SOEs). Indonesia is considered as a developing economy. Toward the finish of 2009 the GDP was $540.3 billion and the per capita GDP was $2717. The GDP development in 2010 arrived at 5.9% and to additionally quickens to a normal of 6.2 % a year in 2011-2014. As far as GDP mechanical division is the biggest (46.9%), trailed by administrations (37.2%) and farming (15.9%)â [i]â . Indonesia is a significant exporter of oil (US Department of State 2010) Indonesia is advertise pioneers in the creation of palm oil and one of the primary makers of elastic, coal, condensed flammable gas and cocoa. A portion of the prime ventures are mining, oil and flammable gas, concrete, materials and concoction composts. There is a decrease in the destitution of the populace. Indonesian economy has been improving after some major budgetary emergency before, in this manner contributing on Indonesian Economy would be related with generally safe. Development in GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Development (%) 2007 2008 2009 Horticulture 3,5 4,8 4,13 Mining and Quarrying 2 0,5 4,37 Assembling 4,7 3,7 2,11 Power, Gas and Water Supply 10,3 10,9 13,78 Development 8,6 7,3 7,05 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 8,4 7,2 1,14 Transportation and Communications 14 16,7 15,53 Fund, Rental and Business Service 8 8,2 5,05 Administrations 6,6 6,4 6,40 Gross domestic product 6,3 6,1 4,55 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 Dissemination of GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Dissemination of GDP (%) 2007 2008 2009â [ii]â Horticulture 13,8 13,7 15,3 Mining and Quarrying 8,7 8,3 10,5 Assembling 27,4 26,8 26,4 Power, Gas and Water Supply 0,7 0,7 0,8 Development 6,2 6,3 1,0 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 17,3 17,4 13,4 Transportation and Communications 7,3 8 6,2 Fund, Rental and Business Service 9,4 9,5 7,2 Administrations 9,3 9,3 5,6 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 4.1 Inflation Rate: As indicated by the money related report in April 2011 Indonesian swelling rate remained at 6.16 %. During the period between 1997 to 2010, Indonesian expansion rate found the middle value of among 13.26% and arriving at its untouched high of 82.4% in the second from last quarter of 1998 and arrived at an unsurpassed low record of - 1.17 % in first quarter of 2000. 4.2 Social Economy: The number of inhabitants in Indonesia remained at 232.4 million during 2010. It has a solid level of populace who are youthful. The middle age is 27.2 years and the populace development is 1.175%. Taking a gander at the age structure, 28.4% of the populace is between 0-14 years, 67.5% are between 16-67 and 5.8% more than 65 years. Future is 70.46 years. As of February 2011, work power was 116.5 million. While partitioning the work power by area, one finds that agribusiness utilizes the vast majority (42.1%), firmly followed by the administrations segment (39.3%). 18.6% are utilized in the modern division. The table shows the conveyance of the work among the significant businesses. Industry # of workers % Farming, Livestock, Forestry, Fishery 42,689,635 41.83 Mining and Quarrying 1,062,309 1.04 Assembling 12,440,141 12.19 Power, Gas, Water 207,909 0.20 Development 4,733,679 4.64 Exchange, Hotels, Restaurants 20,684,041 20.27 Transportation, Storage, Communication 6,013,947 5.89 Account, Real home and Business administrations 1,440,042 1.41 Network, Social and Personal assistance

How A Blog Became A Community

How A Blog Became A Community Happy New Year to everyone! As you may have noticed Ive been absent from The Nance Effect. As hard as it is to believe, even I needed to take break. As my wife so ably put it, Back away slowly from your job, and no one will get hurt. (By no one, she meant me.) For all of you who call the Nance Effect a home of sorts, thank you for your continued insight, wisdom, humor, patience and dedication. Much to my surprise this blog seems to really resonate with many in cyberspace. It is hard to believe that Ive only been at MIT since July of 2005 and this blog has only been active since late August 2005. It is no exaggeration when I say that The Nance Effect has become a true on-line community. What does that really mean? Everywhere you look you see the word community casually bandied about. To me there are few concepts more sacred than that of community. What is more important that community? Its the place where you commune with family and friends. Its the safe and supportive place from which you embrace the learning process. Its the place from which you venture out to spread your wings and go about the often-tumultuous process of learning and growing physically, mentally and emotionally. Most importantly, it does not rely any one individual for its success. Everyday I see signs that The Nance Effect is great community. I watched as total strangers met at my blog for conversation, fun and intellectual discourse. I saw you joke with each other about your favorite movies and music, and you even weighed in with clever suggested names for my soon-to-be-born son. (YES, WERE STILL WAITING FOR HIM NO; WE ARENT GOING TO NAME HIM PROMEITHESIS!) I saw you cheer those who were tubed; and I witnessed many of you struggle to make sense of the pain and disappointment of being deferred or rejected in the Early Action pool. I watched as many of you asked difficult questions of me and of each other, all the while respecting points of view that were counter to your own personal philosophies. In particular, I was very proud of the way the vast majority of you handled yourselves when responding to the Deferred and Welcome MIT Class of 2010 threads. It would have been easy for you to post comments that had a mean or negative tone. Even when baited by comments that were clearly out of bounds, you did not fall for the Jedi mind tricks. In fact, many of you went out of your way to remind us that mutual respect is the community norm and anything other than that would not be tolerated. Why is finding and forming this kind of community so important? Simple. Its exactly what you hope to do when choosing where to attend college. The same principles and intrinsic qualities that you find appealing in this community are the same ones you should seek out when deciding which college communities to join. Remember, you are not attending a college simply to study, you will also live in that community for at least four years. It did not take long for me realize that I was onto something special with this blog. As Paris Hilton would say, thats hot! It is very important to me that this blog be a conduit for useful tips on the admissions process for students of color. But honestly, the posts that Ive enjoyed the most are the ones in which I get to dispense laughs or in which I get a chance to learn from you. It was great to confirm my suspicions in addition to being WICKED SMART, you are a witty lot. I am pleased that you continue to ask your friends to join this community. I am constantly amazed that you quote me or reference The Nance Effect on your personal blogs. I am humbled that you have continued to keep this community alive and vibrant even when I needed to back away slowly for a few weeks. Before we return to the regularly scheduled soapbox, I call for a moment of reflection. Let the community know: What worked? What did not work? What would you like to see in print in the coming year? What do you never want to see/discuss ever again? Where did I drop the ball? As we forge ahead into the 06, I offer this quote from one of my favorite writers: no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. -John Donne, Meditation XVII

What Is the Mobile Phone App Wei Xin

The company that brought Chinese Internet users QQ, the most popular instant messaging option in China, launched Wei Xin, a mobile phone app in late 2011 that millions of Chinese have downloaded. What Is Wei Xin? Wei Xin (Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã¤ ¿ ¡) is a free instant voice messaging app that is based on other instant messaging apps like Talkbox, MiTalk (ç ± ³Ã¨ Å ), an instant messaging in which doodles can be sent, and Kiki Messenger. With Wei Xin, users can speak into their phones and send voice messages instantly to friends. There’s no need to type text messages with this app, though senders and receivers can send and receive text messages. Like WhatsApp, Wei Xin allows users to send and receive instant messages for free --  no matter what countries the users and receivers are in -- all that’s needed is an iTouch, iPad, iPhone or Android phone with iOS 3.0 or later with Internet access. Wei Xin comes in Mandarin Chinese (traditional and simplified characters) and English versions. What Can You Do? Users can send and receive text messages, instant voice messages, photos, and group messages and share locations. Users can also use a GPS function to see other users who are within a 1,000-meter radius of their GPS phones. This feature is automatically activated upon download, but users can opt-out by adjusting their settings. Users can also use QR codes on Facebook or Weibo to find friends who have Wei Xin or have others find them. Users can also adjust their settings to allow Wei Xin to automatically update their contacts when their friends download Wei Xin. The Message in a Bottle feature has a screen with an ocean and a bunch of glass bottles with messages inside. The messages are written by users across the entire Wei Xin network. Users can pick a bottle, read the message, and, if he or she wants to comment on it, send a message to the user who posed the question. If a user has a question or wants to start a conversation about a particular topic with other users, he or she can make his or her own message. After composing the message, he or she then puts the message in a bottle, tosses it into the ocean, and waits for other users to answer it. Users can also use emoticons, Emoji and custom emoticons, set up their own customized background images when using Wei Xin, and multitask with random activities like playing Rock, Paper, Scissors while chatting. Other Benefits Aside from being free, Wei Xin gives users the option to go hands-free and send and receive instant voice messages. Users can set their phones to automatically play the voice messages as they are received, so there’s no need to pick up the phone each time a message is sent. Wei Xin also works with QQ’s 700 million registered users, so using functions like Message in a Bottle and the GPS feature ensures a better user experience.

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Susan Glaspell - 968 Words

During the early nineteenth century women had less of a voice when it came to making decisions all the decision making were usually left to the men especially in relationships. The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell are two pieces of fictional literature that exhibit the roles of women in a marriage during the period. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the reader reads about a woman who has been in a room for the summer to cure her sickness of nervous depression by her husband who is a physician. The play â€Å"trifles† takes place in a farmhouse where the police are investigating the murder of Mr. Wright whose body was discovered when a friend comes over to visit only to find Mrs. Wright weaving while the husband is hung in their room upstairs. The two pieces of fictional literature give insight to what were the expected roles of women in marriage, how marriage was some sort of prison that limits the women, and how the women broke away from that atmosphere they were in. The women in the early 1900’s were the expected to be the â€Å"housekeepers† in the marriage. In the play â€Å"Trifles† Mrs. Wright gets criticized in the play for the disarray the house is in when the investigators show up to investigate the murder while the women come to the defense of Mrs. Wright giving reason why the house is not up to the â€Å"expectation† of the men. This instance tells the reader that the women in the early 1900’s were expected toShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Susan Glaspell, And A P Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesevidenced in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, and â€Å"AP† by John Updike; they all illuminates on the submissiveness, the obedience of women to a man s authority that was considered unexceptional at the onset of the twentieth century because the themes of the inscrutability of women, domesticity, patriarchal dominance and female identity are present in all these works. Among the three works under scrutiny in the paper herein, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is arguablyRead More`` Yellow Wallpaper `` And Susan Glaspell s Trifles1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine us. For some, culture provides inspiration; for others, though, it causes suffocation. Those of us who don’t get what we need from our environment fail to thrive. For some, like the main characters in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† and Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, culture becomes a trap. Both women are caught in joyless marriages to insensitive, sometime domineering husbands. These unhappy souls both suffer emotional problems leading to severely psychotic breaks from reality.Read MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe fight for equality for minorities dates back to the beginning of mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlas ting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell. Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is also her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disease.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describesRead MoreA Jury Of Her Peers By Susan Glaspell1674 Words   |  7 Pagescaretakers. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Gilman Illustrates the controlling behavior that men had exercises on their wives, and the lack of freedom women had to make independent decisions. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Susan Glaspell illustrates how men exercised prejudice against women by focusing on the sexist perspective of two men during a lawful investigation which rendered them incapable of understanding what actually occurred. Analyzing the work of writers like Gilman and Glaspell is a powerfulRead MoreWomen s Rights By Susan Glaspell1307 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women’s rights have had less rights then men. In the short story â€Å"Trifles,† written by Susan Glaspell, there is a search for the victim of a murder case and the women are discriminated. In the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper,† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is in a limited lifestyle were her husband, and has to deal with having less of a say in conversation. Constant communication of feminism throughout the world will allow everyone in the world to realize that equal rights betweenRead MoreComparing ‚Äà ºThe Yellow Wallpaper‚Äà ¹ and ‚Äà ºA Jury of Her Peers‚Äà ¹3135 Words   |  13 Pages Comparing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Many great authors have written stories about the oppression women faced in the past and one was Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the author of the late 19th century short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† She portrays the struggles and hardships that women of that period experienced through brilliant uses of theme, mood, tone, and imagery. Another equally great author that used imagery and events that happened in realRead MoreA Journey into Drama: An Analysis of Setting in Feminist Plays 974 Words   |  4 PagesThe treatment of women in the modern era has come quite far compared to recent history. This is shown in numerous works of art of the feminist age of fiction. In the three works: Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, the setting and the home in which the women are depicted in play a major connecting symbolic role within the feminist plays. The setting of a dilapidated or enclosed home is ever present inRead MoreComparison Of Trifles And The Yellow Wallpaper735 Words   |  3 PagesSignificant Trifles Trifles by Susan Glaspell and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two bodies of work that follow specific events in women’s lives. These particular conflicts highlight the gap in treatment and understanding between men and women in the earlier twentieth century. Within both stories the authors convey the gender roles expected of them and how they are treated when they are seen as stepping out of those roles by speaking out or acting differently. Trifles showsRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pagestheory shows us how patriarchal our society is and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work in her life time where women only had a few roles. They were to have house chores done, cook, and reproduce. Women in the early twentieth century felt it is time to stand up against patriarchal oppressions and which is why Glaspell’s work critiques the society we live in for restricting women. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. GenderRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper2088 Words   |  9 PagesCritical Analysis of Formal Elements in the Short Story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, published in 1899, is a semi-autobiographical short story depicting a young woman’s struggle with depression that is virtually untreated and her subsequent descent into madness. Although the story is centered on the protagonist’s obsessive description of the yellow wallpaper and her neurosis, the story serves a higher purpose as a testament

Theories of Development Free Essays

Theories of Development There are many branches of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five theory groups. The theory groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential contributors to the field of psychology. Freud was born in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freud’s main focus of study was neurology; this led him  to begin  concentrating his research on nervous disorders. Freud’s research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freud’s theory suggests that an individual’s unconscious processes or thoughts contribute to one’s personality and influences one’s behavior. Freud’s theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements: the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (one’s sense of right and wrong). Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages: the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. Erickson was intrigued by Freud’s theory, however Erickson believed that development occurred throughout one’s lifespan and that one’s personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson developed the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development: Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), Ego identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010),   Erickson’s theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of each individual is based on the culture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individual’s interactions with  caregivers  during infancy. Social forc es continue to shape personality throughout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cognitive Theory The cognitive theory attempts to explain human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to understand the thought process behind one’s personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have come a long way to help us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has shown a lot of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how children learn. Both theorists believed that children learn and think differently than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the first theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as â€Å"little scientists†. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children in free play were conducting their own â€Å"experiments† in the world to gain their own knowledge from it. One way that Piaget believed that children were learning object permanence, was by rolling a ball into the other room and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own â€Å"experiment†. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piaget’s theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric. Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be able to organize their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven years old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is formal operations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of purely abstract and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist; his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education. Vygotsky also studied children’s play. Vygotsky was a Marxist; a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical environment (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a child’s cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This method is guidance assistance; the children gain new skills with minimal assistance. This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 4)   There are factors of biological development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment. Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and aging over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environment. The theory basically suggests that development begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life. Maturation definitions include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior within the evolutionary framework. It is the science of animal behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory. Charles Darwin, who wrote the â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a person’s development. Evolution is factual and gives people the genetics that create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lorenz wrote, â€Å"Modern Ethology† and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bond with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver. Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffy’s parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffy’s neighbor. Kemmerer soon became an example for Bertalanffy. Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philosophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about system’s theory aimed their work and research to find a general system’s theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre†. The â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre† is a German term that means a system that can be applied in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into â€Å"General Systems Theory†. His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails Epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the system’s theory are Barker, â€Å"Behavior Settings† and Learner who did work on life expectancy and environment and wrote, â€Å"Developmental Systems Theory. † A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the four stage model of development. It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), counter dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in system’s research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughs  in psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group. All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including one’s personality or behavior. Works Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http://www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm   Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http://www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm How to cite Theories of Development, Papers

Understanding Media and Communication

Table of Contents Introduction Ideology Audience â€Å"Form of realism† â€Å"Modes of representation† Conclusion List of References Introduction Films are lengthy plays recorded on electronic devices, which focus on telling factual, mythical, tradition, scientific and fictional stories. A film results from the creative skills of the producer who writes the script that the actors follow while acting. Most films attempt to replicate real situations, which have transpired in the past. Conversely, music is a composition that consists of lyrics. However, visual images as evident in the presence of images and sounds lack in music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidently, such media platforms pass information to the mass in an extensive manner. Nonetheless, they make use of different styles thus translating the intended messages. This paper aims to contrast the two media platforms based on certain aspects that include ideology, realism and audience. Transmedia narratives are story narrated over different media platforms. A story falls into this category once it conforms to three or more media platforms. The exponential developments in the media world have facilitated the growth of transmedia narratives. Diversification of media platforms will be the predominant factor driving the growth of transmedia narratives by creating more platforms. The discussion below compares two media platforms thus music and film. The discussion exemplifies the techniques and devices used in storytelling in music and films (Abba 2009). Ideology Ideology is a general term that describes certain ideas or values that people follow. Overtime, mass media has been an avenue that fosters definite ideas. This means media platforms can lead to changes in ideologies. Films have the capability to tell lengthy and complex narrative because t hey can accommodate a dynamic cast. In addition, they make use of sound and picture in messages. Film uses different techniques to suggest its significance. On the contrary, music uses few techniques since it faces limitations. Music only makes use of sound. Therefore, it cannot integrate all the techniques and devices into sound. However, films can integrate the techniques and devices into sound and images. The visual ability in films means that they have the capability to influence persons. Music can influence ideologies due to its rhythms and creatively used lyrics. Essentially, both are influential; however, films seem to exude significant influence. With the digital advancement, a filmmaker can now film complex pieces. In order to enforce certain ideologies, films use devices such as rhetoric techniques. Music and film have applied rhetoric relatively equally. Evidently, rhetoric refers to any part of the story where the storyteller asks a question yet the artist comprehends th e answer. The style is evident significantly in film than music (Post and Gold, 2006). Audience Transmedia narratives exude diverse story lines. Transmedia narratives require fanatical audience that will endeavor to follow the variety of stories that exist. These narratives capture a wide range of audiences because they are present on numerous media platforms. It worth noting that music commands a large crowd than film because it is cheaper.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A vital element of transmedia narratives is that they bring the audience on-board. Once the audiences participate, they can adjust the storyline making it linguistically and ethnically suitable for the industry. This means that the audiences have a certain level of responsibility to add to the entire plot. This makes transmedia narratives more acceptable. The level of participation in altering the plot w ould be minimal since film involves diverse issues that include cast and resources. Conversely, altering the plot would be easier since it involves lesser people and resources. This means the flexibility of music gives it an edge over films, which are rigid. Transmedia allows a single story telling on a multitude of ways. With the technological advancement, transmedia will help to explore previously untapped market. Indeed, it would suit audio oriented stories while film would be suitable for graphical and audio oriented stories. â€Å"Form of realism† Realism involves making a representation of real life situation in literature of arts. It fundamentally involves replicating a real situation. In contrasting the two media platforms with regard to realism, it is imperative to analyze their capability to replicate situations and scenarios. Films are competent of replicating situations exemplarily since it has both visual and audio capability. When they have a trained cast, they can bring out any story magnificently well. However, films require a substantial amount of resources to support the crew and equipment. Story telling on film requires an assortment of skills. This is because a film requires a script, which captures the basis of the story. Conversely, the process of storytelling in music is considerably simple but requires a gifted person. Telling a story in a song requires the singer to blend in the ideas, which is not an ordinary fit. However, storytelling through music is much simpler and inculcates fewer techniques and devices. On the contrary, storytelling through films involves many devices since it can accommodate a larger cast. This means that it can have antagonist protagonist, narrator, foil, and confidant. The antagonist, narrator, and antagonist represent the varying views, which may exist due to a certain story. The use of such a cast gives depth to the story telling in films since the story has to give space to allow the varying speaker s to assert their views. Such diverse thought brought about by the cast will trigger the audience to pay attention. This means that the audiences are not just ordinary listeners. It is challenging and impractical to integrate such a cast in a song because it would lose certain aspects such as rhythm. Indeed, films have the capability to replicate a situation given the right cast and resources. These are attributable to the sound and visual aspect of films. In addition, film allows the audience to see the narrators and members of the cast. Music integrates poetry into lyrics to create rhyming words and thus improve rhythm in the song. Poetry represents the most incorporated style in music (Khlentzos 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Modes of representation† These modes present model of film making utilized in the past. These modes represent the patterns that film production engaged. These modes apply in film making by providing guidance to the filmmaker on the procedures to follow. This reveal an aspect of film making that is procedural (Isaken Dorval 1992). Therefore, storytelling through films is more technical and procedural than through music since set procedures are non-existent. This reveals filmmaking as a bureaucratic procedure that requires a certain set of processes followed. This represents a key difference between story telling through music and film. In music, there is no set procedure and the quality depends on the creativity of the musician. The artist has the responsibility to merge various genres to create a magnificent presentation. Filmmaking seems to follow a procedure in storytelling to guarantee a given quality to the listeners. Conversely, the modes are likely to lead to a good story telling since the set procedures facilitate quality work. Both media platforms have definite face ts, which work in tandem. These two media outlet provides minimal avenue for feedback. In storytelling, it is imperative to create an avenue for feedback as it contributes to the overall plot of the story. In addition, it makes the audience an active participant in storytelling. Media platform such as blogs sites are pioneer in this field since they provide an avenue for the listener to articulate their feeling with regard to a given story. Interaction between the storyteller and the audience is crucial since the audiences are able to contribute to the plot of the transmedia narrative (McWilliams, 1998). Conclusion Transmedia narratives have become a predominant force in the 21st century communication. This is because most people are on social media and other correlated platforms. Music and films have been critical in creating this new media phenomenon. Music or songs only last for a diminutive phase while films are relatively lengthy. Basing on time, films can inculcate more styles , techniques, and devices to spruce up storytelling. The styles applied include ambiguity, rhetoric and a diverse cast. Overall, films use more devices and techniques than music. Music and film are primarily different since the latter makes use of both images and sound while the initial only utilizes audio. The ability of film to make use of both sound and images has granted it advantage over music in storytelling. Nonetheless, the use of music in story telling surpasses the use of film despite its advantages. List of References Abba, T 2009, Hybrid stories: Examining the future of transmedia narrative, Liverpool  university press, 2, 1, pp 59-75.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Isaken, S Dorval, K 1992, Mode of symbolic representation in a cognitive style, Web. Khlentzos, D 2011, Challenges to Metaphysical Realism Web. McWilliams 1998, Effective Storytelling Web. Post, D Gold, L 2006, Literary Devices Web. This essay on Understanding Media and Communication was written and submitted by user Lina L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.