Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers

Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while the vast majority of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded quake struck producing a torrent which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The seismic tremor hit nations that were at that point bothered with neediness and obligation leaving them needing pressing assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help defeat this horrendous catastrophe giving $450million and the British government gave a promise of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. previously, tidal waves were some of the time alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The staggering tidal wave was brought about by a seismic tremor with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the seismic tremor was under the Indian Ocean close to the west bank of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The rough development of areas of the Earth's outside layer, known as structural plates, dislodged a colossal sum of water, sending incredible stun waves toward each path. The quake was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the segment called the Burma plate which is known as a dangerous plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a break in the earths covering which was assessed in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, uprooting the ocean bottom above Outline demonstrating the procedures associated with a tidal wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little oust made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along many Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while a large portion of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded quake struck creating a torrent which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The seismic tremor hit nations that were at that point bothered with neediness and obligation leaving them needing critical assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help defeat this terrible debacle giving $450million and the British government gave a promise of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. before, tidal waves were once in a while alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The staggering tidal wave was brought about by a quake with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the seismic tremor was under the Indian Ocean close to the west shore of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The fierce development of segments of the Earth's outside, known as structural plates, uprooted a huge sum of water, sending ground-breaking stun waves toward each path. The seismic tremor was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the area called the Burma plate which is known as a damaging plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a break in the earths outside layer which was assessed in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, uprooting the ocean bottom above Outline demonstrating the procedures associated with a wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little unstick made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along several

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia

The Political And Legal Systems Of Indonesia 1. Nation profile: Indonesia is situated in the southeast piece of Asia. Indonesia extends 5120 km along the equator and has 13000 islands among Australia and Asia. Because of this there has been an impact on the social, social, monetary and political existence of the nation. Indonesias complete region is 80% ocean mass. Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Papua and Sulawesi are the five a biggest island of which java is the most populated island, an all out populace of 125 million (CIA 2010). Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Indonesia has a tropical atmosphere which comprises of two seasons summer from May to September and the blustery season from October to April. Indonesia encounters downpour during both the seasons. The fourth most populated nation on the planets is Indonesia with a populace of 242.96 million (CIA 2010). Indonesia is the biggest Muslim nation. It is an ethnically various nation with in excess of 300 dialects. http://mapoftheunitedstates.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/indonesia_.jpg Figure 1: Indonesia Map Sources: CIA Website 2010 2. Political framework and Legal frameworks: Indonesia today is Southeast Asias most lively majority rule government. The Indonesians appreciate a degree of political opportunity. The present improved political framework currently empowers opportunity and balance for the individuals of Indonesia. Figure 2: Political arrangement of Indonesia Source: Indonesia 2009: An official handbook The three key parts of the Indonesian government are The official branch The administrative branch The legal branch 2.1 Executive branch: The president is the leader of the state and government, thus is on the official branch. Under him is the VP, bureau clergymen and furthermore non-departmental organizations. He is likewise the president of the military. The primary job of the president is to oversee his country, make strategies and look in to the remote undertakings. The president has the ability to dole out and dismiss the bureau clergymen. One of the fundamental jobs of the president is to relegate the appointed authority for the Supreme Court. 2.2 Legislature branch: This branch comprise a delegate body which is the people groups consultative get together or (MPR). The MPR has the privilege to scrutinize the uprightness of the president. The MPR has two lower chambers i.e the Peoples Representative Council or the (DPR) and the Regional Representatives Council or (DPD). 2.3 Judicial branch: The Indonesian legal framework has three fundamental courts for example the high court, Supreme Court and the locale courts. The Supreme Court is the most significant level. These courts reserve the privileges to practice both common and criminal cases. Indonesia has various courts for various issues, strict courts, military courts and authoritative courts. Initially all the common debates are dealt with in a state court and afterward sent to the high court. A business court exists to deal with chapter 11 and business matters. The three parts of the lawful framework in Indonesia are The public accountants Backers Lawful advisors. A public accountant is selected by the Department of Justice Human Rights who is prepared lawfully to notarise deeds. A public accountant gets ready and executes the proper deed called the notarised deed, it is otherwise called the valid deed. The authoritative archives require notarised deeds. The job of the public accountant is to ensure that the gatherings have significant measure of confirmation for their deeds and the deed is executed appropriately. The legal official ought to be available when a gathering intends to begin an organization. A legal official is delegated by the legislature and his obligation does exclude offering legitimate guidance. These gatherings need to get legitimate exhortation before they meet the legal official. The primary obligations of the legal official are to plan and check the archives. The gatherings are allowed to pick any legal official they need. Supporters are legal counselors who practice secretly and have formal lawful preparing. The principle obligation of the supporters is to concentrate on suit however they can likewise give general lawful guidance. For guidance on outside exchange experienced attorneys are needed.Hiring a decent and trust commendable legal counselor is basic for working together in Indonesia. A portion of the significant laws pertinent for organizations in Indonesia are given beneath: The Law on Investment The Labor Law The bill on Mineral and Coal Mining The Oil and Gas law The Shipping Law Law on Disputes and Conflict goals Corporate Law Land rights Hardly any tips for the outside financial specialists There ought not be any limitations on the sort of business the organization is intending to begin. A decent public accountant is an unquestionable requirement to set up a business. The workers who have a significant position ought to be paid well. Manufacture great relations with the organization and the general public. 3. Financial framework Under the administration of Suharto who was the leader of Indonesia for more than three decades the economy had seen two significant budgetary emergencies. This was during 1997-98 and 2008. Indonesian economy is straightforwardly reliant on three principle areas, Horticulture Assembling Administration. These emergencies were immediate consequence of degenerate lawmakers, catastrophic events, aggravations in the general public and fear based oppression. The outcome was that the economy endured which thusly caused in drop of work openings and loss of labor that relocated looking for business. The diagram shows the appropriation of workforce among the three key financial divisions. Indonesias Employment Figure 3: Indonesian Employment Source: Economy Watch The three principle areas that comprise the Indonesian Economy are: Essential Sector: Farming by a wide margin is the biggest business part. A portion of the regular produce is rice, pork, espresso, tea, cocoa, flavors, elastic, eggs, copra, palm oil and peanuts. Indonesia stands fourth in world market for the creation of espresso and rice. Optional Sector: About 27.9% of Indonesians GDP originates from the assembling division (EIU 2010). Tertiary Sector: Administration part has for long has been the mainstay of Indonesian economy contributing almost 38.5% towards the countrys GDP. Worldwide money related emergencies hindered the IT area. In any case, it has been predicated to contribute up to 15% towards the compound yearly development rate (CAGR) during the time of 2010-2014 (EIU 2010) . Cordiality industry has shockingly begun contributing towards Indonesian economy. The travel industry prospered with no significant effect because of the worldwide downturn. 4. Economy: Indonesia has the biggest economy in Southeast Asia. It is a market based economy with a critical association of the state. There are countless state claimed ventures (SOEs). Indonesia is considered as a developing economy. Toward the finish of 2009 the GDP was $540.3 billion and the per capita GDP was $2717. The GDP development in 2010 arrived at 5.9% and to additionally quickens to a normal of 6.2 % a year in 2011-2014. As far as GDP mechanical division is the biggest (46.9%), trailed by administrations (37.2%) and farming (15.9%)â [i]â . Indonesia is a significant exporter of oil (US Department of State 2010) Indonesia is advertise pioneers in the creation of palm oil and one of the primary makers of elastic, coal, condensed flammable gas and cocoa. A portion of the prime ventures are mining, oil and flammable gas, concrete, materials and concoction composts. There is a decrease in the destitution of the populace. Indonesian economy has been improving after some major budgetary emergency before, in this manner contributing on Indonesian Economy would be related with generally safe. Development in GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Development (%) 2007 2008 2009 Horticulture 3,5 4,8 4,13 Mining and Quarrying 2 0,5 4,37 Assembling 4,7 3,7 2,11 Power, Gas and Water Supply 10,3 10,9 13,78 Development 8,6 7,3 7,05 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 8,4 7,2 1,14 Transportation and Communications 14 16,7 15,53 Fund, Rental and Business Service 8 8,2 5,05 Administrations 6,6 6,4 6,40 Gross domestic product 6,3 6,1 4,55 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 Dissemination of GDP by field of business from 2005 to 2009: Dissemination of GDP (%) 2007 2008 2009â [ii]â Horticulture 13,8 13,7 15,3 Mining and Quarrying 8,7 8,3 10,5 Assembling 27,4 26,8 26,4 Power, Gas and Water Supply 0,7 0,7 0,8 Development 6,2 6,3 1,0 Exchange, Hotels and Restaurants 17,3 17,4 13,4 Transportation and Communications 7,3 8 6,2 Fund, Rental and Business Service 9,4 9,5 7,2 Administrations 9,3 9,3 5,6 Sources: Bank Indonesia and Asian Development Bank 2010 4.1 Inflation Rate: As indicated by the money related report in April 2011 Indonesian swelling rate remained at 6.16 %. During the period between 1997 to 2010, Indonesian expansion rate found the middle value of among 13.26% and arriving at its untouched high of 82.4% in the second from last quarter of 1998 and arrived at an unsurpassed low record of - 1.17 % in first quarter of 2000. 4.2 Social Economy: The number of inhabitants in Indonesia remained at 232.4 million during 2010. It has a solid level of populace who are youthful. The middle age is 27.2 years and the populace development is 1.175%. Taking a gander at the age structure, 28.4% of the populace is between 0-14 years, 67.5% are between 16-67 and 5.8% more than 65 years. Future is 70.46 years. As of February 2011, work power was 116.5 million. While partitioning the work power by area, one finds that agribusiness utilizes the vast majority (42.1%), firmly followed by the administrations segment (39.3%). 18.6% are utilized in the modern division. The table shows the conveyance of the work among the significant businesses. Industry # of workers % Farming, Livestock, Forestry, Fishery 42,689,635 41.83 Mining and Quarrying 1,062,309 1.04 Assembling 12,440,141 12.19 Power, Gas, Water 207,909 0.20 Development 4,733,679 4.64 Exchange, Hotels, Restaurants 20,684,041 20.27 Transportation, Storage, Communication 6,013,947 5.89 Account, Real home and Business administrations 1,440,042 1.41 Network, Social and Personal assistance

How A Blog Became A Community

How A Blog Became A Community Happy New Year to everyone! As you may have noticed Ive been absent from The Nance Effect. As hard as it is to believe, even I needed to take break. As my wife so ably put it, Back away slowly from your job, and no one will get hurt. (By no one, she meant me.) For all of you who call the Nance Effect a home of sorts, thank you for your continued insight, wisdom, humor, patience and dedication. Much to my surprise this blog seems to really resonate with many in cyberspace. It is hard to believe that Ive only been at MIT since July of 2005 and this blog has only been active since late August 2005. It is no exaggeration when I say that The Nance Effect has become a true on-line community. What does that really mean? Everywhere you look you see the word community casually bandied about. To me there are few concepts more sacred than that of community. What is more important that community? Its the place where you commune with family and friends. Its the safe and supportive place from which you embrace the learning process. Its the place from which you venture out to spread your wings and go about the often-tumultuous process of learning and growing physically, mentally and emotionally. Most importantly, it does not rely any one individual for its success. Everyday I see signs that The Nance Effect is great community. I watched as total strangers met at my blog for conversation, fun and intellectual discourse. I saw you joke with each other about your favorite movies and music, and you even weighed in with clever suggested names for my soon-to-be-born son. (YES, WERE STILL WAITING FOR HIM NO; WE ARENT GOING TO NAME HIM PROMEITHESIS!) I saw you cheer those who were tubed; and I witnessed many of you struggle to make sense of the pain and disappointment of being deferred or rejected in the Early Action pool. I watched as many of you asked difficult questions of me and of each other, all the while respecting points of view that were counter to your own personal philosophies. In particular, I was very proud of the way the vast majority of you handled yourselves when responding to the Deferred and Welcome MIT Class of 2010 threads. It would have been easy for you to post comments that had a mean or negative tone. Even when baited by comments that were clearly out of bounds, you did not fall for the Jedi mind tricks. In fact, many of you went out of your way to remind us that mutual respect is the community norm and anything other than that would not be tolerated. Why is finding and forming this kind of community so important? Simple. Its exactly what you hope to do when choosing where to attend college. The same principles and intrinsic qualities that you find appealing in this community are the same ones you should seek out when deciding which college communities to join. Remember, you are not attending a college simply to study, you will also live in that community for at least four years. It did not take long for me realize that I was onto something special with this blog. As Paris Hilton would say, thats hot! It is very important to me that this blog be a conduit for useful tips on the admissions process for students of color. But honestly, the posts that Ive enjoyed the most are the ones in which I get to dispense laughs or in which I get a chance to learn from you. It was great to confirm my suspicions in addition to being WICKED SMART, you are a witty lot. I am pleased that you continue to ask your friends to join this community. I am constantly amazed that you quote me or reference The Nance Effect on your personal blogs. I am humbled that you have continued to keep this community alive and vibrant even when I needed to back away slowly for a few weeks. Before we return to the regularly scheduled soapbox, I call for a moment of reflection. Let the community know: What worked? What did not work? What would you like to see in print in the coming year? What do you never want to see/discuss ever again? Where did I drop the ball? As we forge ahead into the 06, I offer this quote from one of my favorite writers: no man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. -John Donne, Meditation XVII

What Is the Mobile Phone App Wei Xin

The company that brought Chinese Internet users QQ, the most popular instant messaging option in China, launched Wei Xin, a mobile phone app in late 2011 that millions of Chinese have downloaded. What Is Wei Xin? Wei Xin (Ã¥ ¾ ®Ã¤ ¿ ¡) is a free instant voice messaging app that is based on other instant messaging apps like Talkbox, MiTalk (ç ± ³Ã¨ Å ), an instant messaging in which doodles can be sent, and Kiki Messenger. With Wei Xin, users can speak into their phones and send voice messages instantly to friends. There’s no need to type text messages with this app, though senders and receivers can send and receive text messages. Like WhatsApp, Wei Xin allows users to send and receive instant messages for free --  no matter what countries the users and receivers are in -- all that’s needed is an iTouch, iPad, iPhone or Android phone with iOS 3.0 or later with Internet access. Wei Xin comes in Mandarin Chinese (traditional and simplified characters) and English versions. What Can You Do? Users can send and receive text messages, instant voice messages, photos, and group messages and share locations. Users can also use a GPS function to see other users who are within a 1,000-meter radius of their GPS phones. This feature is automatically activated upon download, but users can opt-out by adjusting their settings. Users can also use QR codes on Facebook or Weibo to find friends who have Wei Xin or have others find them. Users can also adjust their settings to allow Wei Xin to automatically update their contacts when their friends download Wei Xin. The Message in a Bottle feature has a screen with an ocean and a bunch of glass bottles with messages inside. The messages are written by users across the entire Wei Xin network. Users can pick a bottle, read the message, and, if he or she wants to comment on it, send a message to the user who posed the question. If a user has a question or wants to start a conversation about a particular topic with other users, he or she can make his or her own message. After composing the message, he or she then puts the message in a bottle, tosses it into the ocean, and waits for other users to answer it. Users can also use emoticons, Emoji and custom emoticons, set up their own customized background images when using Wei Xin, and multitask with random activities like playing Rock, Paper, Scissors while chatting. Other Benefits Aside from being free, Wei Xin gives users the option to go hands-free and send and receive instant voice messages. Users can set their phones to automatically play the voice messages as they are received, so there’s no need to pick up the phone each time a message is sent. Wei Xin also works with QQ’s 700 million registered users, so using functions like Message in a Bottle and the GPS feature ensures a better user experience.

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Susan Glaspell - 968 Words

During the early nineteenth century women had less of a voice when it came to making decisions all the decision making were usually left to the men especially in relationships. The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell are two pieces of fictional literature that exhibit the roles of women in a marriage during the period. In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the reader reads about a woman who has been in a room for the summer to cure her sickness of nervous depression by her husband who is a physician. The play â€Å"trifles† takes place in a farmhouse where the police are investigating the murder of Mr. Wright whose body was discovered when a friend comes over to visit only to find Mrs. Wright weaving while the husband is hung in their room upstairs. The two pieces of fictional literature give insight to what were the expected roles of women in marriage, how marriage was some sort of prison that limits the women, and how the women broke away from that atmosphere they were in. The women in the early 1900’s were the expected to be the â€Å"housekeepers† in the marriage. In the play â€Å"Trifles† Mrs. Wright gets criticized in the play for the disarray the house is in when the investigators show up to investigate the murder while the women come to the defense of Mrs. Wright giving reason why the house is not up to the â€Å"expectation† of the men. This instance tells the reader that the women in the early 1900’s were expected toShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Susan Glaspell, And A P Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesevidenced in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, and â€Å"AP† by John Updike; they all illuminates on the submissiveness, the obedience of women to a man s authority that was considered unexceptional at the onset of the twentieth century because the themes of the inscrutability of women, domesticity, patriarchal dominance and female identity are present in all these works. Among the three works under scrutiny in the paper herein, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is arguablyRead More`` Yellow Wallpaper `` And Susan Glaspell s Trifles1130 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine us. For some, culture provides inspiration; for others, though, it causes suffocation. Those of us who don’t get what we need from our environment fail to thrive. For some, like the main characters in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† and Susan Glaspell’s Trifles, culture becomes a trap. Both women are caught in joyless marriages to insensitive, sometime domineering husbands. These unhappy souls both suffer emotional problems leading to severely psychotic breaks from reality.Read MoreSusan Glaspell s `` The Yellow Wallpaper `` And A Jury Of Her Peers ``2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe fight for equality for minorities dates back to the beginning of mankind. Women, in particular, fight for fairness even in today’s society. This everlas ting battle can be seen in both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell. Gilman’s story revolves around a woman who has postpartum depression. Her husband, who is also her physician, uses isolation to try and heal his wife’s â€Å"nervous disease.† Glaspell’s story, on the other hand, describesRead MoreA Jury Of Her Peers By Susan Glaspell1674 Words   |  7 Pagescaretakers. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Gilman Illustrates the controlling behavior that men had exercises on their wives, and the lack of freedom women had to make independent decisions. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Susan Glaspell illustrates how men exercised prejudice against women by focusing on the sexist perspective of two men during a lawful investigation which rendered them incapable of understanding what actually occurred. Analyzing the work of writers like Gilman and Glaspell is a powerfulRead MoreWomen s Rights By Susan Glaspell1307 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women’s rights have had less rights then men. In the short story â€Å"Trifles,† written by Susan Glaspell, there is a search for the victim of a murder case and the women are discriminated. In the â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper,† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is in a limited lifestyle were her husband, and has to deal with having less of a say in conversation. Constant communication of feminism throughout the world will allow everyone in the world to realize that equal rights betweenRead MoreComparing ‚Äà ºThe Yellow Wallpaper‚Äà ¹ and ‚Äà ºA Jury of Her Peers‚Äà ¹3135 Words   |  13 Pages Comparing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Many great authors have written stories about the oppression women faced in the past and one was Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the author of the late 19th century short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† She portrays the struggles and hardships that women of that period experienced through brilliant uses of theme, mood, tone, and imagery. Another equally great author that used imagery and events that happened in realRead MoreA Journey into Drama: An Analysis of Setting in Feminist Plays 974 Words   |  4 PagesThe treatment of women in the modern era has come quite far compared to recent history. This is shown in numerous works of art of the feminist age of fiction. In the three works: Trifles, by Susan Glaspell, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, the setting and the home in which the women are depicted in play a major connecting symbolic role within the feminist plays. The setting of a dilapidated or enclosed home is ever present inRead MoreComparison Of Trifles And The Yellow Wallpaper735 Words   |  3 PagesSignificant Trifles Trifles by Susan Glaspell and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two bodies of work that follow specific events in women’s lives. These particular conflicts highlight the gap in treatment and understanding between men and women in the earlier twentieth century. Within both stories the authors convey the gender roles expected of them and how they are treated when they are seen as stepping out of those roles by speaking out or acting differently. Trifles showsRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pagestheory shows us how patriarchal our society is and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work in her life time where women only had a few roles. They were to have house chores done, cook, and reproduce. Women in the early twentieth century felt it is time to stand up against patriarchal oppressions and which is why Glaspell’s work critiques the society we live in for restricting women. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles†, Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. GenderRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper2088 Words   |  9 PagesCritical Analysis of Formal Elements in the Short Story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, published in 1899, is a semi-autobiographical short story depicting a young woman’s struggle with depression that is virtually untreated and her subsequent descent into madness. Although the story is centered on the protagonist’s obsessive description of the yellow wallpaper and her neurosis, the story serves a higher purpose as a testament

Theories of Development Free Essays

Theories of Development There are many branches of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five theory groups. The theory groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential contributors to the field of psychology. Freud was born in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freud’s main focus of study was neurology; this led him  to begin  concentrating his research on nervous disorders. Freud’s research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freud’s theory suggests that an individual’s unconscious processes or thoughts contribute to one’s personality and influences one’s behavior. Freud’s theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements: the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (one’s sense of right and wrong). Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages: the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. Erickson was intrigued by Freud’s theory, however Erickson believed that development occurred throughout one’s lifespan and that one’s personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson developed the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development: Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), Ego identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010),   Erickson’s theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of each individual is based on the culture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individual’s interactions with  caregivers  during infancy. Social forc es continue to shape personality throughout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cognitive Theory The cognitive theory attempts to explain human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to understand the thought process behind one’s personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have come a long way to help us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has shown a lot of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how children learn. Both theorists believed that children learn and think differently than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the first theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as â€Å"little scientists†. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children in free play were conducting their own â€Å"experiments† in the world to gain their own knowledge from it. One way that Piaget believed that children were learning object permanence, was by rolling a ball into the other room and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own â€Å"experiment†. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piaget’s theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric. Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be able to organize their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven years old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is formal operations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of purely abstract and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist; his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education. Vygotsky also studied children’s play. Vygotsky was a Marxist; a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical environment (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a child’s cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This method is guidance assistance; the children gain new skills with minimal assistance. This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig Dunn, 2010, p. 4)   There are factors of biological development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment. Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and aging over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environment. The theory basically suggests that development begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life. Maturation definitions include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior within the evolutionary framework. It is the science of animal behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory. Charles Darwin, who wrote the â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a person’s development. Evolution is factual and gives people the genetics that create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lorenz wrote, â€Å"Modern Ethology† and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bond with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver. Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffy’s parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffy’s neighbor. Kemmerer soon became an example for Bertalanffy. Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philosophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about system’s theory aimed their work and research to find a general system’s theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre†. The â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre† is a German term that means a system that can be applied in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into â€Å"General Systems Theory†. His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails Epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the system’s theory are Barker, â€Å"Behavior Settings† and Learner who did work on life expectancy and environment and wrote, â€Å"Developmental Systems Theory. † A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the four stage model of development. It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), counter dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in system’s research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughs  in psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group. All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including one’s personality or behavior. Works Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http://www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm   Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http://www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm How to cite Theories of Development, Papers

Understanding Media and Communication

Table of Contents Introduction Ideology Audience â€Å"Form of realism† â€Å"Modes of representation† Conclusion List of References Introduction Films are lengthy plays recorded on electronic devices, which focus on telling factual, mythical, tradition, scientific and fictional stories. A film results from the creative skills of the producer who writes the script that the actors follow while acting. Most films attempt to replicate real situations, which have transpired in the past. Conversely, music is a composition that consists of lyrics. However, visual images as evident in the presence of images and sounds lack in music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidently, such media platforms pass information to the mass in an extensive manner. Nonetheless, they make use of different styles thus translating the intended messages. This paper aims to contrast the two media platforms based on certain aspects that include ideology, realism and audience. Transmedia narratives are story narrated over different media platforms. A story falls into this category once it conforms to three or more media platforms. The exponential developments in the media world have facilitated the growth of transmedia narratives. Diversification of media platforms will be the predominant factor driving the growth of transmedia narratives by creating more platforms. The discussion below compares two media platforms thus music and film. The discussion exemplifies the techniques and devices used in storytelling in music and films (Abba 2009). Ideology Ideology is a general term that describes certain ideas or values that people follow. Overtime, mass media has been an avenue that fosters definite ideas. This means media platforms can lead to changes in ideologies. Films have the capability to tell lengthy and complex narrative because t hey can accommodate a dynamic cast. In addition, they make use of sound and picture in messages. Film uses different techniques to suggest its significance. On the contrary, music uses few techniques since it faces limitations. Music only makes use of sound. Therefore, it cannot integrate all the techniques and devices into sound. However, films can integrate the techniques and devices into sound and images. The visual ability in films means that they have the capability to influence persons. Music can influence ideologies due to its rhythms and creatively used lyrics. Essentially, both are influential; however, films seem to exude significant influence. With the digital advancement, a filmmaker can now film complex pieces. In order to enforce certain ideologies, films use devices such as rhetoric techniques. Music and film have applied rhetoric relatively equally. Evidently, rhetoric refers to any part of the story where the storyteller asks a question yet the artist comprehends th e answer. The style is evident significantly in film than music (Post and Gold, 2006). Audience Transmedia narratives exude diverse story lines. Transmedia narratives require fanatical audience that will endeavor to follow the variety of stories that exist. These narratives capture a wide range of audiences because they are present on numerous media platforms. It worth noting that music commands a large crowd than film because it is cheaper.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A vital element of transmedia narratives is that they bring the audience on-board. Once the audiences participate, they can adjust the storyline making it linguistically and ethnically suitable for the industry. This means that the audiences have a certain level of responsibility to add to the entire plot. This makes transmedia narratives more acceptable. The level of participation in altering the plot w ould be minimal since film involves diverse issues that include cast and resources. Conversely, altering the plot would be easier since it involves lesser people and resources. This means the flexibility of music gives it an edge over films, which are rigid. Transmedia allows a single story telling on a multitude of ways. With the technological advancement, transmedia will help to explore previously untapped market. Indeed, it would suit audio oriented stories while film would be suitable for graphical and audio oriented stories. â€Å"Form of realism† Realism involves making a representation of real life situation in literature of arts. It fundamentally involves replicating a real situation. In contrasting the two media platforms with regard to realism, it is imperative to analyze their capability to replicate situations and scenarios. Films are competent of replicating situations exemplarily since it has both visual and audio capability. When they have a trained cast, they can bring out any story magnificently well. However, films require a substantial amount of resources to support the crew and equipment. Story telling on film requires an assortment of skills. This is because a film requires a script, which captures the basis of the story. Conversely, the process of storytelling in music is considerably simple but requires a gifted person. Telling a story in a song requires the singer to blend in the ideas, which is not an ordinary fit. However, storytelling through music is much simpler and inculcates fewer techniques and devices. On the contrary, storytelling through films involves many devices since it can accommodate a larger cast. This means that it can have antagonist protagonist, narrator, foil, and confidant. The antagonist, narrator, and antagonist represent the varying views, which may exist due to a certain story. The use of such a cast gives depth to the story telling in films since the story has to give space to allow the varying speaker s to assert their views. Such diverse thought brought about by the cast will trigger the audience to pay attention. This means that the audiences are not just ordinary listeners. It is challenging and impractical to integrate such a cast in a song because it would lose certain aspects such as rhythm. Indeed, films have the capability to replicate a situation given the right cast and resources. These are attributable to the sound and visual aspect of films. In addition, film allows the audience to see the narrators and members of the cast. Music integrates poetry into lyrics to create rhyming words and thus improve rhythm in the song. Poetry represents the most incorporated style in music (Khlentzos 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Media and Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Modes of representation† These modes present model of film making utilized in the past. These modes represent the patterns that film production engaged. These modes apply in film making by providing guidance to the filmmaker on the procedures to follow. This reveal an aspect of film making that is procedural (Isaken Dorval 1992). Therefore, storytelling through films is more technical and procedural than through music since set procedures are non-existent. This reveals filmmaking as a bureaucratic procedure that requires a certain set of processes followed. This represents a key difference between story telling through music and film. In music, there is no set procedure and the quality depends on the creativity of the musician. The artist has the responsibility to merge various genres to create a magnificent presentation. Filmmaking seems to follow a procedure in storytelling to guarantee a given quality to the listeners. Conversely, the modes are likely to lead to a good story telling since the set procedures facilitate quality work. Both media platforms have definite face ts, which work in tandem. These two media outlet provides minimal avenue for feedback. In storytelling, it is imperative to create an avenue for feedback as it contributes to the overall plot of the story. In addition, it makes the audience an active participant in storytelling. Media platform such as blogs sites are pioneer in this field since they provide an avenue for the listener to articulate their feeling with regard to a given story. Interaction between the storyteller and the audience is crucial since the audiences are able to contribute to the plot of the transmedia narrative (McWilliams, 1998). Conclusion Transmedia narratives have become a predominant force in the 21st century communication. This is because most people are on social media and other correlated platforms. Music and films have been critical in creating this new media phenomenon. Music or songs only last for a diminutive phase while films are relatively lengthy. Basing on time, films can inculcate more styles , techniques, and devices to spruce up storytelling. The styles applied include ambiguity, rhetoric and a diverse cast. Overall, films use more devices and techniques than music. Music and film are primarily different since the latter makes use of both images and sound while the initial only utilizes audio. The ability of film to make use of both sound and images has granted it advantage over music in storytelling. Nonetheless, the use of music in story telling surpasses the use of film despite its advantages. List of References Abba, T 2009, Hybrid stories: Examining the future of transmedia narrative, Liverpool  university press, 2, 1, pp 59-75.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Isaken, S Dorval, K 1992, Mode of symbolic representation in a cognitive style, Web. Khlentzos, D 2011, Challenges to Metaphysical Realism Web. McWilliams 1998, Effective Storytelling Web. Post, D Gold, L 2006, Literary Devices Web. This essay on Understanding Media and Communication was written and submitted by user Lina L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

BNL Essay essays

BNL Essay essays Barenaked Ladies Biographical Essay The Canadian band, Barenaked Ladies, has sold 500,000 copies of their well known album, Gordon. Scarborough, Ontario's The Barenaked Ladies started in 1988 as the duo of Page and Robertson who had previously played together in a Rush clone band. They released a cheap cassette called Buck Naked' in 1989 followed by 1990's 'Barenaked Lunch' which was the Creeggan brothers debut. By 1991 Tyler Steward had joined the band and the group was stirring up publicity both with their savage wit and impromptu acoustic concerts (especially on live radio) but in the media by being banned by Toronto mayor June Rowlands who wouldn't allow them to play in Nathan Phillips Square due to their 'offensive' name. Barenaked Ladies have a very diverse group with a more diverse array of songs, there are many, many huge singles that have been let out by this amazing band. Their first big single was If I Had A Million Dollars, which made its debut in 1992. The song is categorized as a comical fantasy song. There are many different versions of this song. There are solo acoustic versions, live versions, and many more. There are different versions of this song so that the artist can give different feeling and renditions to the melody, an acoustic guitar holds a more mellow melody. While live versions hold more of a jumpy melody. Their overall most popular song was not just one single, it was the entire Gordon album. The Gordon album sold well over 500,000 copies. The album incorporates many genres of music. There are contemporary, pop, rock, and soothing songs. Gordon is the epitome of all the great BNL songs. In 1992, The Record, which is a Canadian album Chart hits company ranked Gordon as #1 in the year of 1992. That shows the magnitude and popularity of the Barenaked Ladies in their home country. Barenaked Ladies are very generous as well. They contributed over 3 mil ...

What Half Life Means for Evolution

What Half Life Means for Evolution Perhaps the most widely used evidence for the theory of evolution through natural selection is the fossil record. The fossil record may be incomplete and may never fully completed, but there are still many clues to evolution and how it happens within the fossil record. One way that helps scientists place fossils into the correct era on the geologic time scale is by using radiometric dating. Also called absolute dating, scientists use the decay of radioactive elements within the fossils or the rocks around the fossils to determine the age of the organism that was preserved. This technique relies on the property of half-life. What Is Half-Life? Half-life is defined as the time it takes for one-half of a radioactive element to decay into a daughter isotope. As radioactive isotopes of elements decay, they lose their radioactivity and become a brand new element known as a daughter isotope. By measuring the ratio of the amount of the original radioactive element to the daughter isotope, scientists can determine how many half-lives the element has undergone and from there can figure out the absolute age of the sample. The half-lives of several radioactive isotopes are known and are used often to figure out the age of newly found fossils. Different isotopes have different half-lives and sometimes more than one present isotope can be used to get an even more specific age of a fossil. Below is a chart of commonly used radiometric isotopes, their half-lives, and the daughter isotopes they decay into. Example of How to Use Half-Life Lets say you found a fossil you think to be a human skeleton. The best radioactive element to use to date human fossils is Carbon-14. There are several reasons why, but the main reasons is that Carbon-14 is a naturally occurring isotope in all forms of life and its half-life is about 5730 years, so we are able to use it to date more recent forms of life relative to the geologic time scale. You would need to have access to scientific instruments at this point that could measure the amount of radioactivity in the sample, so off to the lab we go! After you prepare your sample and put it into the machine, your readout says you have approximately 75% Nitrogen-14 and 25% Carbon-14. Now it is time to put those math skills to good use. At one half-life, you would have approximately 50% Carbon-14 and 50% Nitrogen-14. In other words, half (50%) of the Carbon-14 you started with has decayed into the daughter isotope Nitrogen-14. However, your readout from your radioactivity measuring instrument says you have only 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14, so your fossil must have been through more than one half-life. After two half-lives, another half of your leftover Carbon-14 would have decayed into Nitrogen-14. Half of 50% is 25%, so you would have 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. This is what your readout said, so your fossil has undergone two half-lives. Now that you know how many half-lives have passed for your fossil, you need to multiply your number of half-lives by how many years are in one half-life. This gives you an age of 2 x 5730 11,460 years. Your fossil is of an organism (maybe human) that died 11,460 years ago. Commonly Used Radioactive Isotopes Parent Isotope Half-Life Daughter Isotope Carbon-14 5730 yrs. Nitrogen-14 Potassium-40 1.26 billion yrs. Argon-40 Thorium-230 75,000 yrs. Radium-226 Uranium-235 700,000 million yrs. Lead-207 Uranium-238 4.5 billion yrs. Lead-206

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Management Accounting - Essay Example The ability of an organization to identify these competitive forces and understand their nature helps them in developing a differentiation strategy to survive in the market (Fleisher & Bensoussan, 2007) Therefore, it is crucial to identify the competitive forces to which H is subject to. H is experiencing competition in acquiring hauling contracts. Since hauling is the main business that the organization depends on, the organization is under a big threat. One of the reasons why the organization is experiencing competition is due to the existence of many contractors and subcontractors. Resultantly, the organization is experiencing shortage of contracts in the market. In a business environment, when customers reduce, the organization is expected to face profit reduction in the long run. In the recent past, J contractor has lost about a third of its contract since the J Company changed its management. This competition has affected the organization in terms of profit margins. Contracting companies in this market operate at very low profit margins as part of their pricing strategies. The price competition is giving pressure to H Company to reduce its prices to win tenders in the business environment. Usually, when there are many investors in the business environment, the customers gain a higher market bargaining power, and the investors lose their bargaining power. This market pressure forces the organization to lower their prices and consequently reduce their prices. Another problem in this market environment is the seasonal nature of labour. This implies that the organization will have no work to do during the low seasons. This is a big threat to the organization’s survival. Given that the organization has permanent workers that need to be paid during this period of time, it is a big threat to the survival of the organization. In addition, the organization has

A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel Essay

A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel - Essay Example A Comparative Analysis of Amores Perros and Babel Amores Perros marks the debut of Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu, as a film maker. This movie shares many common features with the film â€Å"Pulp Fiction. The only difference being that, Pulp Fiction has glorified criminals even to the extent of giving them the status of demigods. On the other hand, in Amores Perros, criminal elements are projected just as they are in actual life, and no attempt is made by the filmmaker to give a positive angle to negative characters. In Amores Perros, stories that are first narrated separately are later connected with each other. Firstly, the audience is introduced to the characters of Susana and Octavia, with the former being the wife of Ramiro, Octavia’s elder brother. Ramiro never shows any affection towards his wife, and it is but natural for the love-starved Susana to be drawn towards the benevolent and relatively kind-hearted Octavia. Susana plans to elope with her brother-in-law and her infant, after he (Octavia) earns some decent money. Octavia, propelled by the objective of making it big, takes to dog fighting and eventually does manage to earn a substantial sum. Next, the characters of Daniel, a magazine publisher, and Valeria, a renowned model, are introduced. Both of them live together, after Daniel leaves his family. Later, a serious road mishap grievously injures Valeria and puts an abrupt end to her successful modeling career, and the prosperous life expected by Daniel becomes just an unfulfilled dream.

Work Life Balance Programs Cost Or An Investment Management Essay

Work Life Balance Programs Cost Or An Investment Management Essay Work-life balance programs are fast gaining popularity in developed countries, even though they are viewed as novelties in Malaysia. Work-life balance programs can be defined as any benefits, policies or programs that help employees find ways to manage the demands of the workplace and life outside work (Ortega, 2006) or strategies, policies, programs and practices initiated and maintained in workplaces to address flexibility, quality of work and life, and work-family conflict (Bardoel et al, 2008). In other words, work-life balance programs are designed as a two pronged approaches to achieve meaningful achievement and enjoyment in everyday life (Joshi et al, 2002). There are many forms of work-life balance programs such as flex-time, child-care facilities at work, gyms and concierge services and paid vacations. Many reasons are cited for the introduction of work-life balance programs at the workplace, the most common being that it increases productivity as well as employee loyalty. While these are all valid justifications, the costs of having work-life balance programs should not be ignored. Therefore, do the benefits of work-life balance programs outweigh the costs? Going further, should these programs be considered a cost or an investment to the firm? While it may be easier to estimate the returns on investment of a project, it is difficult to financially quantify the impact of work-life balance programs. Thus, companies have to resort to a series of performance measurement tools that are indirectly related to financial return. The best performance indicators are in terms of human resource management. One of the benefits of work-life balance programs can be seen through recruitment. Successful work-life balance programs are powerful marketing tools for attracting new employees who are drawn to the company not just for good remuneration, but other perks too. Work-life balance programs also help to create a better relationship between employer and employee that can be mutually beneficial. One of the main sources of workplace stress is unreasonable demands made on employees time. Thus, programs that assist employees to better manage their time lead to greater job satisfaction. This is evident in the healthcare industry where employees have to work alternative hours in a very stressful and emotionally draining environment. Work-life balance programs in the healthcare industry like wellness programs and child care facilities bring balance and perspective to the lives of employees (Ortego, 2006). This leads to greater productivity, lower job turnover and absenteeism, greater esprit-de-corps and more loyalty towards the employer. In terms of operating costs, retaining employees reduces the cost of training new employees and the time it takes to train new staff to be competent. In fact, there is some evidence to support the argument that compan ies that offered work-life balance programs outperformed those that did not (Joshi et al, 2002). To evaluate if such programs are good investment, we need to examine them from three metrics, which are efficiency, effectiveness and impact (Bardoel et al, 2009). Efficiency metrics are those that measure the cost of work-life balance programs to ascertain the return on investment (ROI). Effectiveness measures are those that indicate how work-life balance programs affect the capacity and actions of employees in targeted talent pools. The third type of measure concentrates on the real impact of work-life balance programs on organizational performance by measuring the value added to an organization by a work-life balance program. Interestingly, research has found that managers often collect data on efficiency, but not on effectiveness and impact factors. This is a major limitation because efficiency measures do not reveal the value added to such programs. The second group of metrics termed effectiveness metrics, assess the outcomes related to the intended effects on individuals of work-life balance programs, for example through employee satisfaction surveys. Again, surveys are useful but they do not gauge whether such programs have positively impacted performance. Though financial ratios such as ROI are typically used to assess core competency, it should be remembered that ROI focuses on financial indicators whereas work-life balance programs use non-financial indicators. Impact metrics measure the ability of work-life balance programs to improve the quality or availability of a particular talent pool, for example to achieve competitive advantage by lowering absenteeism and turnover. To illustrate this cost versus investment dilemma, let us examine three types of work-life balance programs childcare, office gymnasium and flexible work hours. Childcare facilities are provided to entice workers from dual-income households where both parents work. There are many forms of childcare facilities such as in-house child care facilities, after school programs, subsidized child care, and referral services. The main benefit of having such a facility is to help employees cope with the demands of caring for their young children and their jobs and reduce stress among employees as they are assured about the safety of their children (Ortego, 2006). When employees are happy and well-adjusted, it is believed that they become more productive and can contribute more to the company. Other fringe benefits include tax reliefs and exemptions to employers (Deery, 2008), though this is only available in a few countries. On the other hand, the costs of maintaining such childcare facilities are numerous. They include the cost of setting up the facility, the cost of employing qualified staff to care for the children and other operating costs. Also, there is no empirical evidence to support the argument that such facilities promote productivity (Michel et al, 2009). In some cases, the employee might spend more time at the childcare facility instead of at work. In addition, it is almost impossible to quantify the ROI of a childcare facility. Another popular form of work-life balance program is the office gym. A gym is provided because it is believed that exercise promotes good health and reduces job stress. In turn, healthy employees are more productive and there are fewer cases of absenteeism due to poor health (Stimpson, 2008). However, running a gym is potentially expensive. Equipment must be bought, a special room must be prepared and in some cases, physical trainers must be employed. Setting up an office gym must also be done with caution as not all employees would enjoy working out to keep fit. Some may prefer other forms of exercise like swimming, jogging or playing tennis or some may not bother to exercise at all. Hence, it would be a waste of resources to set up a gym when few employees utilize it. There must be proper rules as to when the gym can be used to avoid abuse. In addition, if the gym is open beyond office hours, the cost of operation must also be considered. Finally, the cause and effect relationship of setting up an office gym and increased productivity are largely conjectural. The third type of work-life balance program mentioned earlier is flex-time. This is a form of work schedule that allows employees to select the hours they will work, for example a condensed work week or a shift (Deery, 2008). Flex-time is particularly attractive to those who have to juggle work with other demands like caring for aged parents or looking after young children if childcare facilities are not provided at the workplace. Flex-time is also beneficial for the company in terms of decreasing overhead costs. If employees work different schedules that do not overlap, equipment such as computers and desks can be shared. Companies that do business with firms in different time zones will also benefit as they are able to operate for longer hours and do not have to pay overtime Bourne et al, 2009). Nevertheless, there are some problems associated with flex-time including difficulty of communicating with employees who work outside regular office hours. There are also concerns about sta ff abusing flex-time. If the flex-time schedule is not structured properly, it could lead to the office being staffed sparsely during peak hours (Burke, 2005) and this is unacceptable. In conclusion, from a purely financial perspective, it would appear that work-life balance programs are more of a cost than an investment to the firm. These programs rely on qualitative measures to estimate their success whereas investments rely on quantitative indicators and attempting to reconcile both is problematic to say the least. However, it would be unfair to dismiss work-life balance programs as facile and unprofitable. Just because something cannot be measured with crude financial instruments does not mean it does not exist. The benefits of work-life balance programs on the happiness and well being of employees are well documented. When employees are happy, they become more productive and this ultimately benefits the organization. Therefore, companies should adopt work-life balance programs as long as they are not a severe financial burden. Question 2 Do you think work-life programs can increase retention? Why or why not? How could you assess whether such a program were a good investment? One of the key reasons cited for the proliferation of work-life balance programs is that they contribute to increased retention of employees. Before we answer how work-life balance programs do so, we first need to examine some of the key reasons for employee turnover. It is widely acknowledged that conditions at the workplace affect job turnover. There are many reasons why employees quit because of conditions at the workplace such as long hours, conflict with colleagues and superiors, lack of appreciation shown by employers and unclear job descriptions. For example, long hours at work and increased work intensity both contribute to adverse physical and psychological conditions and lead to negative family functioning (Burke, 2005). Workplace stress can be caused by long working hours, excessive workloads, weekend duties, inadequate physical activity and an unhealthy lifestyle. All these lead to a reduction in the quality of health. When employees are severely overworked and excessively strained, they experience symptoms of fatigue, depression, musculo-skeletal pains, sleeping disorders and an increase in chronic diseases (Tsui, 2008). When the situation becomes too stressful, employees leave their jobs, even opting for those that pay far less but involve less stress. If workplace stress is prolonged, it leads to burnout. Lee and Shin (2005, cited in Deery, 2008) examined the psychological dimensions of job burnout and concluded that it consisted of three components namely emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment. Burnout is potentially fatal as it increases the risk of coronary diseases, stroke and suicidal tendencies. Employees who lack time to spend with their family or maintain a social life are more likely to be emotionally exhausted, which impact negatively on their job satisfaction and eventually cause them to leave their organizations (Karatepe and Uludag, 2007 cited in Deery, 2008). The following diagram illustrates the relationship between stress and how retention can be improved by work-life balance programs: (Source: Deery, 2008) Also, employees quit their jobs because of dissatisfaction. The top reason why Americans leave their jobs is because they do not feel appreciated (Ortega, 2006). This dissatisfaction may stem from having inadequate job descriptions and unreasonable demands made by employers. Some may be insufficiently trained to perform their jobs or lack sufficient re-training when their job description changes. To compound the matter, there is no assistance for employees when they encounter technical problems when their jobs change and management is indifferent to their plight. All these contribute to stress and increased dissatisfaction with work. Obviously, remuneration is another factor that leads to job dissatisfaction. Employees become unhappy with their jobs when they feel they are inadequately compensated for their efforts based on comparisons of the remuneration of their peers within the organization or within the industry. In the absence of other benefits that work-life balance programs of fer, there is little incentive for employees to remain within a company if they can earn more elsewhere. Female employees are faced with additional problems that their male counterparts do not experience. Despite advances in promoting equal rights for women at the workplace and the gradual acceptance that the traditional roles of both men and women have and need to evolve to reflect the changing times, female employees still feel they have to shoulder the traditional burden of being the perfect housewife and mother, in addition to proving that they are as capable as men at the workplace. Therefore, women are more vulnerable than men to suffer from stress caused by the conflict of managing the roles of employee, wife and mother (Michel et al, 2009). Often, it is because the workplace is inattentive or even hostile to the problems faced by female employees that compel them to leave the workplace when they start a family or when the demands of their family changes. These are some of the primary causes of employee turnover. High turnover is unacceptable, particularly amongst skilled or knowledge-based workers. Particularly in western countries which have declining birth rates and a tendency for job-hopping, the need to retain key staff is essential. Retaining existing internal resources such as good staff, is crucial to maintain an organizations success (Bourne et al, 2009). High employee turnover breaks the continuity of operations and this will adversely affect efficiency. For instance, when an employee leaves, there is bound to be a break in service until a qualified replacement is found and trained. High staff turnover can foster a culture low in morale and loyalty. From a financial viewpoint, there are two major costs associated with turnover which are replacement costs and preventative costs. Replacement costs are the costs of recruiting, selecting and training replacements; loss of output or efficiency during this process; possible wastag e; spoilage and efficiency due to inexperienced staff (Burke, 2005). On the other hand, preventative costs are the costs of retaining staff through pay, benefits and work-life balance programs. Hence, there is greater pressure for employers to strike a balance between eliminating unproductive employees and formulating new and innovative ways to attract and retain talent. There is some evidence to support the postulation that work-life programs can increase retention, provided that the main cause of workplace stress is juggling work-life balance (Osif, 2009 and Joshi et al, 2002). One, work-life balance programs like wellness and physical fitness programs help reduce the symptoms of stress and promote greater physical health. On the other hand, counseling and support groups help employees to manage their stress. While it is impossible and perhaps not desirable to eliminate all forms of stress at the workplace, such programs can contribute a great deal in managing negative stress. When employees are better able to cope with the demands of the workplace, they are less likely to suffer from burnout and less likely to leave. Secondly, work-life balance programs like flex-time are much welcome by working mothers and employees who may want to further their studies and work at the same time. Additional flexibility in terms of working hours will ensure that employees are not compelled to leave because they cannot work the traditional office hours. This will lead to greater retention. Thirdly, in a bid to retain the best and brightest, companies have to resort to novel ways such as work-life balance programs. Assuming that remuneration is similar between two companies, additional perks will go a long way to making a company the desired place to work. Even if a company offers slightly less salary than its competitors, some employees will be enticed to remain there because of the programs and fringe benefits others do not offer. Finally, companies need to show that they value their employees who often have to sacrifice so much for work. While the traditional viewpoint is to provide financial incentives, very often it is the non-financial gestures that make employees feel valued. For example, having office parties or company vacations may be more personal and sincere gestures to show appreciation when the company performs exceptionally well rather than just provide generous bonuses. In that sense, work-life balance programs can be viewed as the minor intangibles that collectively show whether the employee is valued or not. On the other hand, having work-life balance programs does not alleviate an employees woes if they are caused by other stress factors. For instance, if unhappiness at work is because of lack of sufficient training, then overcoming it would be to provide the necessary training. Findings suggest that training quality is positively related to training satisfaction, job satisfaction and the intention to stay in the company. Thus, this type of training is important as a means of retaining employees. In addition, there is no guarantee that such work-life balance programs will increase retention. No substantial longitudinal study has been conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of such programs in leading to long-term retention of staff, and the costs may outstrip the advantages in the long-run, particularly when the economy is bad and the company needs to cut expenses. In conclusion, there is some evidence that supports the notion that work-life balance programs can increase retention (Turner et al, 2009). Introducing flexible working hours and arrangements, providing better training, breaks from work and better work support all enhance employee retention by resolving some of the work-life conflicts faced by employees. Nevertheless, these programs can only be regarded as good investments if they are proven to improve retention of quality staff in the long term and contribute to the overall profitability of the firm. Question 3 Besides flextime arrangements, wellness programs, child-care options and fitness centers, describe three other common mechanisms to improve employees motivation and retention. Present steps to implement such mechanisms in a typical organization. A company can motivate employees through work-life balance programs. Apart from the ones described earlier, other programs like sabbatical leave, paternal leave and work naps are some of the other mechanisms that can improve employees motivation and retention. While sabbatical leave is normally associated with academic institutions, the scope of sabbatical programs is quite extensive, but basically they provide unrestricted time away from work so that the employee can do what he or she wants. For example, the employee can opt to take sabbatical leave to learn how to paint, travel extensively abroad or for further education. Sabbaticals are viewed as a means to allow critical talent time to recharge and people generally return supercharged and more productive than before (Pagano and Pagano, 2009). Basically, there are three defining characteristics of sabbatical leave. One, the time away is planned. Two, it is extended generally for at least four weeks with some firms offering up to three months and three, the employee is expected to return after the break. There is some psychological basis for providing sabbatical leave. Such a work-life balance program is viewed as a form of work motivation. Specifically, it fulfils Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory. According to Maslow, needs are arranged in a hierarchy from the most basic to the highest level (Baron, 1998). There are five hierarchies of needs which are (in ascending order) physiological needs (the need for food, water and sleep), safety needs (need for security), social needs (need to belong), esteem needs (the need to develop self-respect) and self-actualization needs (the need for self-fulfilment). Therefore taken in this context, taking a sabbatical leave to fulfil a longstanding desire is a form of self-fulfilment that will ultimately benefit the individual. However, employers generally tend to negatively view sabbatical leave of this nature as an indulgent form of fantasy and a waste of both time and money to the company. Yet, harbouring unfulfilled desires will adversely affec t productivity as the employee will feel frustrated. In addition, even the best job can seem monotonous after a while and sabbatical leave should be viewed as a way of gaining fresh perspective and overcoming work fatigue. There are some problems when instituting sabbatical programs which is why companies tend to avoid them. The first problem is lack of top management support. Top management must see the merits of such a program to implement it successfully. Secondly, there is a problem of scheduling. Too many employees taking sabbatical leave at the same time is a serious threat to business, especially during busy seasons. From the employees viewpoint, sabbatical leave can be problematic in two main respects. One, the employee may be worried that if he or she is away for too long, the company may decide that it can do without them. Two, returning to work after a lengthy sabbatical can be very stressful and intense since there will be a lot of unfinished work to attend to (Turner et al, 2009). However, sabbatical programs can be successful if well implemented. First, the company should determine the objectives of such a program, be it to re-energize employees, attract new employees or improve work culture. Two, the company should study the market to see what other companies are offering to come up with better programs. Three, employees should be involved in the decision making process to gain their input and insights. Four, the program should be developed by preparing a sabbatical leave policy. This should include support documents like departure checklists, timelines and scheduling requirements. Five, the program should be piloted to ascertain its effectiveness and adjusted if necessary (Pagano and Pagano, 2009). Frederick Herzberg developed a theory of motivation called the Two-factor theory that is similar to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. According to Herzberg, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction acted independently of each other (Baron, 1998). Hence, there are factors at the workplace that cause job satisfaction, whilst there are other factors that cause dissatisfaction. The positive satisfaction factors are collectively termed motivators. These include recognition of a job well done, a sense of achievement and personal growth. Hence, they reflect Maslows hierarchy of needs. However, Herzberg describes another set of factors called hygiene factors. Hygiene factors do not provide positive satisfaction such as company policy, and working conditions, but their absence could cause dissatisfaction. Therefore, work-life programs can be regarded as hygiene factors, the absence of which causes job dissatisfaction. While it is common for most companies to provide paid maternity for their female employees, few in Malaysia extend paternity leave to male employees, though it is common practice in Scandinavian countries. This is a fringe benefit that is being increasingly sought after by more and more employees. As the traditional roles of men and women evolve, more fathers now want to have a more hands-on approach to parenting. This means being with their wives during childbirth and tending to the needs of mother and child during the crucial period following birth. The Family and Medical Leave Act in America allows for a minimum of 12 weeks paid paternity leave while those in Scandinavian countries allow leave to be extended for up to three years (Joshi et al, 2002). While it is unlikely that Malaysian fathers will want to take such a long time off from work, more would like to spend a week or two with their recuperating wives and new infants. Therefore, providing paternity leave acts as a form of motivator to encourage male employees to remain with the company (Robbins and Judge, 2007). Implementing paternal leave at the workplace should not be too difficult as the procedure is similar to maternity leave. Hence the same documents for record keeping can be used. Taking a nap at work would seem extremely unprofessional and unproductive. Yet, some researchers conclude that taking short naps at work, termed power naps may actually increase alertness and productivity. The scientific argument in support of power naps is that it is designed to replenish down time during out circadian rhythm which normally occurs during the afternoon. Some of the benefits of power naps include increased memory, response time and cognitive skills. Taking power naps may be linked to the drive theory which is a theory of motivation that suggests that behavior is pushed from within by drives stemming from basic biological needs like sleep (Baron, 1998). The problems associated with permitting power naps at the workplace include the duration of the nap, scheduling and top management support. It is generally believed that a power nap of fifteen to twenty minutes is sufficient to yield the abovementioned benefits (Robbins and Judge, 2007). Anything longer than that will result in the employee falling into deep sleep which would result in sleeping difficulty at night. However, the company must decide when it is permissible for employees to nap. Some allow employees to nap during their lunch break while others prepare a schedule. While it is not necessary to prepare special sleeping areas since employees are perfectly capable of sleeping at their desks, it is important to ensure that such naps do not interrupt the flow of work. Customers must also not see employees napping as it would create a negative perception of the company. However, if implemented correctly, power naps may be amongst the cheapest and most beneficial forms of work-life balance programs. In conclusions, these are but a few examples of the many work-life balance programs that can be designed to provide motivation and improve retention of employees. Deciding on which to choose will depend on the size and nature of the organization, its work culture and the target benefits of such programs. Top management should keep an open mind about these initiatives for if conducted in the correct manner, the desired results can be obtained.

Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Essay

Juxtaposition is one of the many literary element used in emphasis of a concept or an idea. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad juxtaposes the motifs of light and dark to emphasize the wickedness present throughout the book. Through juxtaposition, Conrad not only emphasizes the darkness in Africa but also intensifies the dark hearts of the Europeans. The major darkness in the novel is the land of Africa itself. When Marlow first makes his way upstream with his crew, he describes the land of Africa as a dark place, saying that the river was â€Å"an empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was warm, thick, heavy, sluggish. There was no joy in the brilliance of sunshine† (30). He uses lightness words like â€Å"brilliance† and â€Å"sunshine† to intensify this darkness. Also, Conrad even depicts Africa as the â€Å"heart of darkness†. He says, â€Å"we penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness. It was very quiet there. At night sometimes the roll of drums behind the curtain of trees would run up the river and remain sustained faintly, as if hovering in the air high over our heads, till the first break of day† (31). Africa is full of darkness and it all happens at night, before the sun rises and brightens up the world again. â€Å"I looked around, and I don’t know why, but I assure you that never, never before, did this land, this river, this jungle, the very arch of this blazing sky, appear to me so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness† (51), describes Marlow. Here, the darkness is portrayed as gloom, not the darkness of evil. Even the â€Å"blazing† sky looked hopeless. By juxtaposing the words â€Å"blazing† and â€Å"dark†, Conrad emphasizes that the glum of the land defeated its bright and sunny sky. Through the use of juxtaposition, the darkness of the land of Africa is emphasized and intensified. Conrad also uses juxtaposition of the character of the accountant to emphasize the darkness not only in the Africans but also in the Europeans. When Marlow meets the accountant, he states â€Å"I met a white man, in such an unexpected elegance of getup that in the first moment I took him for a sort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots† (15). Marlow describes the white accountant as some kind of a miracle. The white man was elegant and had decent clothing among all the madness happening around them. However, from how Marlow describes what happened in the accountant’s office, this accountant is not a kind man. Marlow accounts that â€Å"when a truckle bed with a sick man was put in there, he exhibited a gentle annoyance. ‘The groans of this sick person,’ he said, ‘distract my attention. And without that it is extremely difficult to guard against clerical errors in this climate.’† (15). He complains about the dying sick man and how this man is distracting him from his work. By juxtaposing the white European with his dark behavior, Conrad shows the evilness of humans. Mr. Kurtz is a mysterious character in the novel, containing both the dark devil and the real Kurtz. The first description of Kurtz occurs in the part where Marlow describes the outlook of a brochure. He says, â€Å"it was very simple, and at the end of that moving appeal to every altruistic sentiment it blazed at you, luminous and terrifying, like a flash of lightning in a ser ene sky: ‘Exterminate all the brutes!’† (46). This is a description of the brochure Kurtz is writing for the â€Å"International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs† (45). The first part of the brochure, the part written before Kurtz have gone mad, is typed up with the use of a typewriter. Then on the bottom of the page, the words â€Å"Exterminate all the brutes!† was scribbled on hastily. Even when Kurtz was on the verge of death, he was living immersed in darkness. â€Å"His was an impenetrable darkness. I looked at him as you peer down at a man who is lying at the bottom of a precipice where the sun never shines† (64). Conrad straight up uses the words â€Å"impenetrable darkness† to describe Kurtz. At the end of the quote, he said â€Å"where the sun never shines†. The sun is used to emphasize the darkness of Kurtz’s heart because it never shines. It was dark, it is dark, and will be dark unless a miracle occurs and causes the â€Å"sun† to shine down in the â€Å" precipice†. The character of Kurtz is probably the darkest character in the novel and this is shown by the juxtaposition. Marlow, the frame narrator, starts and ends his story by saying that the darkness isn’t just in Africa. In the beginning of Marlow’s story, he talks about how we are living in a constant flicker of lightness among the darkness. By starting the story with â€Å"Light came out of this river since – you say knights? Yes; but it is like a running blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clouds. We live in the flicker – may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling! But darkness was here yesterday† (3), it can be seen and foreshadowed that there are darkness no matter where you go. This is even before he describes Africa, showing that Africa isn’t the only heart of darkness. These â€Å"flickers† intensifies the darkness when it drapes over us. The nameless narrator ends the novel by saying, â€Å"the offing was barred by a black bank of clouds, and the tranquil waterway leading to the uttermost ends of the earth flowed somber under an overcast sky – seemed to lead into the heart of an immense darkness† (72). After starting out the story with a description of the darkness in the world, the nameless narrator ends the novel with the descriptions of the darkness in Europe. This narrator describes that there was a storm when the Nellie made its way down the Thames River, not only literal but also metaphorical. The metaphorical storm reflects the darkness of the hearts of the Europeans. By using light and bright words, Conrad intensifies the evil and the despair in the novel Heart of Darkness. 2nd sentence. 3rd sentence.

Organic And Free Range Of Grass Fed Essay - 2144 Words

Organic. Cage Free. Free Range. Grass Fed. Non-GMO. These descriptors are used in grocery stores across the United States of America and are a major component of guiding consumers through their purchasing decisions. However, since these labels usually appear without any description, how do consumers know what do these labels really mean? Furthermore, how do food producers and their governing organizations decide when a label can be applied? The meat, egg, and produce industry are all affected by this nomenclature system. Therefore, the everyday consumer comes in contact with these labels every time they make a food purchase and often rely on them to help them make the healthier and more ethical food choice. But are these labels really denoting ethical sourcing, improved health benefits, and how strictly is the labeling regulated? The rise of organic farming in the United States came about following the general push to return to a more natural way of life in the late 1960s and 1970s. 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